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Table 2 Parameters (exogenous) used in the model

From: Optimization of energy storage and system flexibility in the context of the energy transition: Germany’s power grid as a case study

Parameters (exog.)

Description

Units

demandt

Hourly demand

GW

renewableEnergyt

Hourly total renewable generation (wind+PV)

GW

baseloadEnergyt

Hourly baseload generation (nuclear, coal, run-of-the-river, biomass)

GW

gasPeak

Maximum peak production allowed for natural gas

GW

gasMinimum

Minimum generation from natural gas at any given time

GW

pumpedHydroPeak

Maximum peak production allowed for pumped hydro

GW

costPerkWyrs

Annualized costs for each storage technology

€/kW-yr

enpoRatios

Energy-to-power ratio of storage technologies

selfDischarges

Self-discharge for each storage technology

roundTripEffs

Roundtrip efficiency of each storage technology

maxImport

Maximum total yearly imports

GWh

maxExport

Maximum total yearly exports

GWh

maxImportHour

Maximum allowed hourly import

GW

maxExportHour

Maximum allowed hourly export

GW

priceExport

Cost of exporting electricity

€/GWh

priceImport

Cost of importing electricity

€/GWh

priceGas

Cost of natural gas

€/GWh