Table 5 Cost assessment specifications. Ref [1]: [73], [2]: [72], [3]: [9], [4, 34]. * A technical lifetime of 80,000 h is assumed for ‘low temperature water electrolysis PEM’ with a utilisation factor of 90%
From: Comparing negative emissions and high renewable scenarios for the European power system
Technology | Lifetime | CAPEX | FO&M | VO&M | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biomass-non-CCS. Ref (1) | 40 | 1700 | 38.4 | 3.26 | CAPEX/FO&M (€/kW), VO&M (€/MWh) |
Biomass-CCS (1) | 40 | 3000 | 61.4 | 5.8 | CAPEX/FO&M (€/kW), VO&M (€/MWh) |
Geothermal heat (1) | 30 | 2613 | 105 | 0.32 | CAPEX/FO&M (€/kW), VO&M (€/MWh) |
Hydro (1) | 55 | 2650 | 16.8 | 0.16 | CAPEX/FO&M (€/kW), VO&M (€/MWh) |
Natural Gas-non-CCS (1) | 30 | 640 | 15 | 2.31 | CAPEX/FO&M (€/kW), VO&M (€/MWh) |
Natural Gas-CCS (1) | 30 | 1500 | 34.3 | 2.78 | CAPEX/FO&M (€/kW), VO&M (€/MWh) |
Nuclear (1) | 60 | 4700 | 105 | 7.8 | CAPEX/FO&M (€/kW), VO&M (€/MWh) |
Oil (1) | 20 | 913 | 17.6 | 0.71 | CAPEX/FO&M (€/kW), VO&M (€/MWh) |
Other RES & Wave (1) | 80 | 1975 | 23.5 | 0.1 | CAPEX/FO&M (€/kW), VO&M (€/MWh) |
Solar Photovoltaic (2) | 30 | 164 | 0 | 4.2 | CAPEX/FO&M (€/kW), VO&M (€/MWh) |
Concentrated Solar Power (1) | 25 | 3075 | 0 | 0.1 | CAPEX/FO&M (€/kW), VO&M (€/MWh) |
Solids Fired-non-CCS (1) | 40 | 1600 | 25.6 | 2.4 | CAPEX/FO&M (€/kW), VO&M (€/MWh) |
Solids Fired-CCS (1) | 40 | 3200 | 60.6 | 4.04 | CAPEX/FO&M (€/kW), VO&M (€/MWh) |
Wind Onshore (1) | 25 | 943 | 12 | 0.18 | CAPEX/FO&M (€/kW), VO&M (€/MWh) |
Wind Offshore (1) | 25 | 1891 | 28 | 0.39 | CAPEX/FO&M (€/kW), VO&M (€/MWh) |
Battery (2) | 15 | 65 | 0 | 2 | CAPEX/FO&M (€/kW), VO&M (€/MWh) |
Pumped Hydro (1) | 60 | 89 | 20 | 0 | CAPEX (€/MWh stored), FO&M (€/kW) |
Transmission - Land (HVAC) (3) | 60 | 866 | 0 | 0 | (€/MW/km) |
Transmission - Subsea (HVDC) (3) | 60 | 1682 | 0 | 0 | (€/MW/km) |
Direct Air Capture (4) | N/A | 199 | 0 | 7.96 | (€/tCO2 captured/year) |
Power-to-gas: Low temperature water electrolysis PEM (1) | 10* | 200 | 10 | 4.2 | CAPEX/FO&M (€/kW), VO&M (€/MWh) |
Carbon Transport & Storage (1) | N/A | 23 | 1.3 | 1 | (€/tCO2/year) |