Recent progress in the development of advanced biofuel 5-ethoxymethylfurfural

BMC Energy

Table 2 Preparation of EMF from biomass by homogeneous catalysts

Entry	Feedstock	Catalyst	Solvent	Temp./°C	Time/h	Yield/%	Ref.
1	Fructose	H₂SO₄(10 mol%)	EtOH	100	24	70	[38]
2	HMF	H₂SO₄(5 mol%)	EtOH	75	24	81	[38]
3	Fructose	HCl(5 mol%)	EtOH	120	2	40	[39]
4	HMF	H₃PO₄	EtOH	90	2	1.7	[40]
5	HMF	H₂SO₄	EtOH	90	2	79	[40]
6	Fructose	H₂SO₄	EtOH	100	24	63^a	[41]
7	Fructose	H₂SO₄(0.1 wt.%)	EtOH/n-hexane	120	3	66	[42]
8	Fructose	CuCl₂·2H₂O	EtOH	100	12	12	[43]
9	Fructose	NiCl₂·6H₂O	EtOH	100	12	5	[43]
10	Fructose	SnCl₄·5H₂O	EtOH	100	12	23	[43]
11	Fructose	FeCl₃	EtOH	100	12	28	[43]
12	Fructose	CrCl₃·6H₂O	EtOH	100	12	33	[43]
13	Fructose	FeCl₃	EtOH/[Bmim]Cl	100	4	30.1	[44]
14	Glucose	AlCl₃	EtOH/water	160	0.25	33	[45]
15	HMF	AlCl₃	EtOH	100	5	92.9	[46]
16	Fructose	AlCl₃	EtOH	100	11	71.2	[46]
17	Inulin	AlCl₃	EtOH	100	11	58.2	[46]
18	Glucose	AlCl₃	EtOH	100	11	38.4	[46]
19	Starch	AlCl₃	EtOH	100	11	27.2	[46]
20	Fructose	AlCl₃·6H₂O/BF₃·(Et)₂O	EtOH	110	3	55	[47]
21	Fructose	AlCl₃·6H₂O/B (OH)₃	EtOH	110	3	22	[47]
22	Fructose	AlCl₃·6H₂O/NaF	EtOH	110	3	25.1	[47]
23	Fructose	AlCl₃·6H₂O/NaCl	EtOH	110	3	28.9	[47]
24	Fructose	AlCl₃·6H₂O/NaBr	EtOH	110	3	26.3	[47]
25	Sucrose	AlCl₃·6H₂O/BF₃·(Et)₂O	EtOH	110	3	23.9	[47]
26	Inulin	AlCl₃·6H₂O/BF₃·(Et)₂O	EtOH	110	3	45.4	[47]

ISSN: 2524-4469