Table 4 Technical parameters of the selected electrochemical technologies
Lithium-ion | VRFB | NaS | PHS | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Self-discharge (daily) | 0.20% | 0 | 5% | 0 |
Roundtrip efficiency | 95% | 80% | 85% | 70% |
Energy-to-power ratio | 2 | 3 | 7 | 6 |
Annualized life cycle costs (ALCC), €/kW-yr | 271.8 | 297.7 | 297.7 | – |